Monday, December 30, 2019

About Glenn Murcutt, an Australian Way of Architecture

Glenn Murcutt (born July 25, 1936) is arguably Australias most famous architect, although he was born in England. He has influenced generations of working architects and has won every major architecture award of the profession, including the 2002 Pritzker. Yet he remains obscure to many of his Australian countrymen, even as he is revered by architects worldwide. Murcutt is said to work alone, yet he opens his farm to professionals and students of architecture every year, giving master classes and promoting his vision:  Architects thinking locally acting globally. Murcutt was born in London, England, but grew up in the Morobe district of Papua New Guinea and in Sydney, Australia, where he learned to value simple, primitive architecture. From his father, Murcutt learned the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, who believed that we should live simply and in harmony with natures laws. Murcutts father, a self-sufficient man of many talents, also introduced him to the streamlined modernist architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Murcutts early work strongly reflects Mies van der Rohes ideals. One of Murcutts favorite quotations is a phrase he often heard his father say. The words, he believes, are from Thoreau: â€Å"Since most of us spend our lives doing ordinary tasks, the most important thing is to carry them out extraordinarily well.† Murcutt is also fond of quoting the Aboriginal proverb  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Touch the earth lightly.† From 1956 to 1961, Murcutt studied architecture at the University of New South Wales. After graduation, Murcutt traveled widely in 1962 and was impressed by the works of Jà ¸rn Utzon. On a later trip in 1973, he remembers the modernist 1932 Maison de Verre in Paris, France, as being influential. He was inspired by the Californian architecture of Richard Neutra and Craig Ellwood, and the crisp, uncomplicated work of Scandinavian architect Alvar Aalto. However, Murcutts designs quickly took on a distinctively Australian flavor. The Pritzker Prize-winning architect Glenn Murcutt is not a builder of skyscrapers. He doesnt design grand, showy structures or use flashy, luxurious materials. Instead, the principled designer pours his creativity into smaller projects that let him work alone and design economical buildings that will conserve energy and blend with the environment. All of his buildings (mostly rural houses) are in Australia. Murcutt chooses materials that can be produced easily and economically: glass, stone, brick, concrete, and corrugated metal. He pays close attention to the movement of the sun, moon, and seasons, and designs his buildings to harmonize with the movement of light and wind. Many of Murcutts buildings are not air-conditioned. Resembling open verandas, Murchutts houses suggest the simplicity of Farnsworth House of Mies van der Rohe, yet have the pragmatism of a sheepherders hut. Murcutt takes on few new projects but is intensely devoted to what he does, often spending many years working with his clients. At times he collaborates with his partner, architect Wendy Lewin. Glenn Murcutt is a master teacher;  Oz.e.tecture is the offical website of the Architecture Foundation Australia and the Glenn Murcutt Master Classes. Murcutt is proud to be the father of the Australian architect Nick Murcutt (1964–2011), whose own firm with partner Rachel Neeson flourishes as Neeson Murcutt Architects.   Murcutts Important Buildings The Marie Short House (1975) is one of Murcutts first homes to combine modern Miesian aesthetics with Australian wool shed practicality. With skylights that track the overhead sun and a galvanized corrugated steel roof, this elongated farmhouse on stilts takes advantage of the environment without harming it. The National Park Visitors Centre at Kempsey (1982) and the Berowra Waters Inn (1983) are two of Murcutts early nonresidential projects, but he worked on these while honing his residential designs. The Ball-Eastaway House (1983) was built as a retreat for the artists Sydney Ball and Lynne Eastaway. Nestled in an arid forest, the main structure of the building is supported on steel columns and steel I-beams.  By raising the house above the earth, Murcutt protected the dry soil and surrounding trees. The curved roof prevents dry leaves from settling on top.  An exterior fire extinguishing system provides emergency protection from forest blazes. Architect Murcutt thoughtfully placed the windows and meditation decks to create a sense of seclusion while still providing scenic views of the Australian landscape.   The Magney House (1984) is often called Glenn Murcutts most famous house as it integrates Murcutts elements of function and design. Also known as Bingie Farm, the architectural masterpiece is now part of the Airbnb program. The Marika-Alderton House (1994) was built for the Aboriginal artist Marmburra Wananumba Banduk Marika and her English husband, Mark Alderton. The house was prefabricated near Sydney and shipped to its location in the unforgiving Northern Territory of Australia. While being built, Murcutt was also working on the Bowali Visitors Centre at Kakadu National Park (1994), also in the Northern Territory, and the Simpson-Lee House (1994) located near Sydney. Glenn Murcutts more recent homes from the 21st century are often bought and sold, somewhat like investments or collectors items. The Walsh House (2005) and the Donaldson House (2016) fall into this category, not that Murcutts care in design is ever diminished. The Australian Islamic Centre (2016) near Melbourne may be the last worldly statement of an 80-year-old architect. Knowing little about mosque architecture, Murcutt studied, sketched, and planned for years before the modern design was approved and built. The traditional minaret is gone, yet the orientation toward Mecca remains. Colorful rooftop lanterns bathe interiors with colored sunlight, yet men and women have different access to those interiors. Like all of Glenn Murcutts work, this Australian mosque is not the first, but it is architecture that—through a thoughtful, iterative process of design—may be the best. I have always believed in the act of discovery rather than creativity, Murcutt said in his 2002 Pritzker acceptance speech. Any work that exists, or which has the potential to exist, is related to discovery. We do not create the work. I believe we, in fact, are discoverers. Murcutts Pritzker Architecture Prize Upon learning of his Pritzker award, Murcutt told reporters, Life is not about maximizing everything, its about giving something back—like light, space, form, serenity, joy. You have to give something back. Why did he become a Pritzker Laureate in 2002? In the words of the Pritzker jury: In an age obsessed with celebrity, the glitz of our starchitects, backed by large staffs and copious public relations support, dominates the headlines. As a total contrast,  our laureate works in a one-person office on the other side of the world...yet has a waiting list of clients, so intent is he to give each project his personal best. He is an innovative architectural technician who is capable of turning his sensitivity to the environment and to locality into forthright, totally honest, non-showy works of art. Bravo! —J. Carter Brown, Pritzker Prize jury chairman Fast Facts: The Glenn Murcutt Library Touch This Earth Lightly: Glenn Murcutt in His Own Words.  In an interview with Philp Drew, Glenn Murcutt talks about his life and describes how he developed the philosophies that shape his architecture. This thin paperback is not a lavish coffee table-book, but provides excellent insight into the thinking behind the designs. Glenn Murcutt: A Singular Architectural Practice.  Murcutts design philosophy presented in his own words is combined with commentary from architecture editors Haig Beck and Jackie Cooper. Through concept sketches, working drawings, photographs, and finished drawings, Murcutts ideas are explored in depth. Glenn Murcutt: Thinking Drawing / Working Drawing by Glenn Murcutt.  The architects solitary process is described by the solitary architect himself. Glenn Murcutt: University of Washington Master Studios and Lectures.  Murcutt has consistently conducted master classes at his farm in Australia, but hes also been forging a relationship with Seattle. This slim book by the University of Washington Press provided edited transcripts of conversations, lectures, and studios. The Architecture of Glenn Murcutt.  In a format large enough to display 13 of Murcutts most successful projects, this is the go-to book of photos, sketches, and descriptions that will introduce any neophyte to what the unwavering Glenn Murcutt is all about. Sources Glenn Murcutt 2002 Pritzker Laureate Acceptance Speech, The Hyatt Foundation, PDF at http://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/file_fields/field_files_inline/2002_Acceptance_Speech_0.pdfAustralian Architect Becomes the 2002 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, The Hyatt Foundation, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2002

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Customer Centric Philosophies Of Amazon Essay

The Customer-centric Philosophies of Amazon Although each retailer announced them to pursue the idea of customer first, the customer is god signs are prominently hanging in a lot of shopping malls, but it is really hard to be implemented in the business, amazon is the one of the few (Amazon.com 10-K, 2015). Bezos put a chair in each of the meeting, but he makes the chair empty and leave the chair for the customer who could not represent but is most important for Amazon. Bezos has concluded after purchasing zappos, for so many years, what he gets is customer is always most important for business (Amazon.com 10-K, 2015). From amazon s organization structure, we can see a characteristic: departments are related to the customer service interface, the user s complaints and comments will be reviewed and handled in time by each department. For the product, which is complained too much by customers, customer service department will have the authority to suspend shelves and sold (Amazon.com 10-K, 2015). In the Amazon, the most powerful is not the head of the company s various departments, but the customer service department. Users will sometimes send questions to CEO Bezos directly to talk about their comments and complaint. Usually, Bezos will put the email to the relevant departments, who is required to find out problems and solve them. It clearly tells us: take the customer as the center is really done by Amazon (Amazon.com 10-K, 2015). For the online services, amazon hasShow MoreRelatedAmazons Business Model: A Case Study1449 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Amazon: A Case Study Features of Amazons Strategy Amazon understood firsthand that the competitive advantage of a company originates immediately from how distinctive the organizations resources and competencies are. 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The Court also rejected counterclaims asserted by Amazon, arising out of Toys R Us alleged failure to maintain levels of inventory sufficient to meet custom er demand. After a lengthy trial, the Court found that defendant Amazon.com had breached an agreement it had entered into with plaintiff ToysRUs.com LLC (Toys R Us), by permitting third parties toRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Amazon1442 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon, founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Seattle, Washington. Jeff’s launch of an online bookstore quickly revolved into the selling of clothing, electronics, video games, auto, beauty and health, just about anything you need, thus, making online shopping popular. Jeff launch Amazon out of his home garage, selling books in all 50 states and 45 different countries within its first month. But the name Amazon was not Bezos first or second choice for the organization, but settle on this name becauseRead MoreThe Pactice of Management1401 Words   |  6 PagesWith a mission â€Å"to be Earth’s most customer–centric company, where customer can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its c ustomers the lowest possible prices,† Amazon.com offers millions of product. Within the corporation world, Amazon now ranks with Apple as among the United States most esteemed business. While focusing only on customers, the internet giant Amazon hardly took into account its warehouse workers. Though Amazon is considered as the model of modernRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Ethics1468 Words   |  6 PagesCoexistence in a globalized world with constant changes does not really allow a business to survive alone. The fact that your business exists in the environment, the responsibility of this depends on many stakeholders, such as local communities, customers, employees and suppliers. On the other hand the way the products are produced and manufactured has a significant impact on the environment. In this context the concept of corporate social responsibility has great relevance for the survival of any

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Proposal for IPS Free Essays

Current Issues and Challenges for Stakeholders We can identify the stakeholders as the primary users (management, staff and customers) of the Simple Gateway network which are affected by the deferent issues noted in the RFC. The issues and challenges are a. Document Versions Primarily affects office and management staff that receive data and make decisions based on incorrect information. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for IPS or any similar topic only for you Order Now The number of errors that happen due to multiple versions of documents and forms floating around the sites increase inconsistencies. Business processes rely on consistency and having no set process for document concurrent version system (C.V.) or single point of file access affects the tasks employees perform. B. Storage Localization Collaboration In the current environment affects all stakeholders as well as business outcomes. A network using a non-centralized storage layout makes these tasks difficult. Non-centralized storage is expensive to setup, maintain, and manage. Issues related to ownership, management, and version control are also created due to this. The information retrieval process is being an impediment to the efficiency of he staff and the work they perform. C. Human Resources Processes Staff benefits are being affected by manual request processing. Sick leaves, vacation time and other common HRS tasks are affecting employee’s satisfaction with the employer and more than likely generating feelings that also affects performance and good doltishly to server customers. II – Performance Comparison KIP Current Environment Proposed Environment Document Versions and Data Sharing Multiple versions are passed between office staff. Incorrect information is used to make business decisions. Site files are stored on local filibuster. Sharing Is done via email. Enterprise storage will be centralized wealth Office ass’s One Drive, helping in business decision making. Stakeholders will have access to the latest document version available. Administrative Tasks Management Sick leave or vacation requests are paper-based and slow. Forms and other workflow documents used by staff will be available within Office ass’s Sharpening module, automating the submission and reducing response times. Servers Each office operates Its own file and email servers. Centralization of data and as management overhead. Productivity Suite Latest edition of office will be used. Ill – Recommendations Latest edition of office is used. For the centralization of documents and forms at Simple Gateways, the proposed solution is Microsoft Office 365 for the Enterprise. Office 365 is a web-based, workup collaboration and office productivity suite that provides access to centralized storage across the locations using common web browser applications. It includes tools such as Sharpening, Exchange, and Noontide for Business for shared storage. Office 365 is offered as a AAAS (Software as a Service). Office 365 delivers the same features of locally hosted services without the associated overhead of managing a server infrastructure. The management flexibility ensures that control and security are retained for compliance requirements and is enhanced by providing centralized storage. Some of the advantages of the solution are: a. Cross Device Accessibility: Office 365 has mobile APS that the access and interaction with the platform easy wherever the user connects from and across various devices b. Management Easiness: The administration console allows for easy management of policies and security of the content and features within Office 365. Automated maintenance ensure an always up-to-date with the latest features with minimal downtime c. Enterprise grade reliability and standards: Features state-of- the-art user account control, premier disaster recovery capabilities, expert monitoring and support, geographically-distributed hosting decanters with continuous data backup and redundancy. To comply with the human resources needs presented in the RFC, a Human Capital Management (HCI) solution is recommended. For this, Epicure’s Spectrum HCI has been selected. Epicure’s web-based HRS software provides a comprehensive solution for workforce and benefits management, offering employees direct access to view and control their own human resource information. The solution includes: Human resources management Performance management Talent management Benefits and absence tracking Payroll IV- Solution Justification same time, these solutions are provided through the familiar interface of a web- browser which reduces the learning curve. How to cite Proposal for IPS, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Video Production Team For Happy Fresh Company - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Video Production Team For Happy Fresh Company. Answer: The following is a report for the project assigned to the video production team of the Happy Fresh organization. The video production group consists of eight members whose main objective is to market the business through creating awareness and education. To achieve this goal, the team is required to create two videos that market the business and publish them online to reach as many audiences as possible. The videos should be of good quality in terms of clarity and audibility. Good quality videos are received well by the audience, hence, creating a good image for the company. The Video should also have a good sound and loud and clear for viewers. Since Happy Fresh is an online groceries shopping company (Nawi, N.M.N.M., 2010), the advertisements are to be done via social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. Social media provides a wide market base where target customers can be identified. The methods of analysis of the project include reviewing how the videos are perceived by the target group on the social media. For instance, going through the comments and reactions, love and like, sad or happy e.t.c posted on Facebook. The reactions to the posts such as likes or dislikes are expected to be a clear indication of the successfulness or failure of the project. Calculations such as ratios used as estimation methods can be located in the appendices (Template.net, 2016). The results of the project data have been analyzed and included in this paper. The results show that the ratios are average. The videos reached many people as expected. This is evidenced by the number of view and clicks that have been indicated in the report. Although the response in terms of Facebook comments was inadequate, the overall statistics were satisfactory. Despite the limited resources and short time frame, the project can be deemed to be a success. However, the areas of weakness need to be investigated and remedied. Some of the recommendations have been included in the project paper to remedy the weakness areas that were identified during the project. The recommendations include the following; improving the resources allocated to such projects to achieve more excellent outcomes, increasing the time frame allocated for such projects etcetera. Since every project has its shortcomings (Template.net, 2016), the limitations of the project have also been investigated. One of the limitations is that the data collected during the project is not sufficient. For example, the fewer responses obtained from Facebook comments limits the degree of accuracy. Another limitation is that the resources used were not good enough to guarantee high-quality results. The videos were not clear enough. To note, if the videos is not clear enough even the results are barely accurate, the response from viewers is and cant be reliable. The shortcomings played a considerable role in weighing down the success of the project. References Happyfresh.com. (2015).Grocery Personal Shopping and Delivery App HappyFresh launches in Thailand | Happy Fresh. [online] Available at: https://www.happyfresh.com/press/happyfresh-launches-bangkok/ [Accessed 29 Nov. 2017]. Nawi, N.M.N.M., 2010. The practices of contract farming among fresh fruit and vegetable suppliers in Malaysia. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 5(3), pp.321-330. Template.net. (2016).7+ Executive Summary Examples | Free Premium Templates. [online] Available at: https://www.template.net/business/executive-summary/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Sacred Elements of Hindu Religion free essay sample

Sacred Elements of are of many various belief elements, that one can only consider sacred within their own traditional followings. While Hinduism is the third largest religion, majority of the devotees have the same beliefs and practices. One of The Sacred Elements is Water. Water is considered sacred because its’ considered to be equal half of all creation. Washing in water is essential to approach deities in a clean manner, body, and clothes. Water in the Hindu religion is considered to be so sacred that they believe washing in the sacred river (Ganges) will remove their sins. Hinduism has numerous gods in which they worship; approximately 330 million. In addition, there is the element of Fire which is considered sacred. Fire represents the burning brightness of the divine (Fisher, 2002, p. 85, parg. 1). In Hinduism fire sacrifices’ are a traditional and sacred ritual. In which they give offerings to the fire God Agni. Offerings consist of grains, soma, and sometimes animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Sacred Elements of Hindu Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Hinduism there is also have a sacred element, which is a cow. In Hinduism, the cow (Sanskrit: go) is revered as the source of food and symbol of life and may never be killed. Hindus do not worship the cow, however, and cows do not have especially charmed lives in India. It is more accurate to say the cow is Sacred Elements 2 taboo in Hinduism, rather than sacred (Anonymous, 2007). The cow also provides the essentials for sacrificial offerings. The Hindu religion has many forms of worship (Puja), some worship in the home some worship in temples. Worshiping in the home with statues and pictures, the Orthodox families of Hinduism do it. Orthodox families stand by an historical for of the religion. Pujaris or Brahmin priests who trained in proper Vedic recitation (Fisher, 2002, p. 111, parg. 4) do Temple worshiping. In the Hindu religion, there many deities in which they worship, according to ones needs. The gods of modern Hinduism are many, and include the chief gods Shiva, Vishnu and the Goddess Shakti as well as a myriad of local community gods (Anonymous, 2007). Worshiping in the home is done each morning to give thanks and respect to the god of the house. The family selects a certain corner of the house for worship, adding necessary things that will complete their shrine for worship, just before the start the morning worship they bathe themselves and put on clean clothing. This ritual is considered sacred and gives them character and traditional background. Hinduism has many sacred elements that characterize the religion. Karma is one of the strongest elements in which the devotees believe in. Karma means actions and consequences of actions. Within the Hindu religion, Karma has a Sacred Elements 3 great effect on the way in which the Hindu religion lives. Devotees of Hinduism believe what’s done in this life determines one’s life after death (rebirth), in the Hindu religion one must have good Dharma to reach good Karma. Hindu religion is also characterized by its sacred text known as the Vedas, there are four in which the Hindu religion use to live, according to Hindu beliefs. Rig Veda (Royal Knowledge) is the most important, covering divinities and ritual prayers. Sama Veda (Knowledge of Chants): a liturgical collection of melodies saman, a book of hymns. Yajur Veda (Knowledge of Sacrificial Rituals) treats the scientific branches and Sacrificial Rituals. Atharva Veda (Knowledge of Incarnations) is about the social field: the system of castes, and includes spells and charms. These sacred text elements are what give the Hindu religion its traditional background, and proper way to give offerings to the deities. Sacrifice and Rituals are important elements within the Hindu religion that defines their traditional ways. The Hindu religion performs sacrifices to the god of their needs with thoughts of the deity blessing them with such needed items. For example; if a child is wanted then a sacrifice to the fertility god (Shiva) is preformed. Hinduism also has a sacred drink in which they drink in order to become one with the god deva. In Hinduism there is also a sacred ritual called the â€Å"sacred thread† this is when a child leaves the family house and starts to study the Sacred Elements 4 Vedas, marriage, and death. The sacred thread ritual is the act of giving one’s self entirely over to the supreme reality. Hinduism also considers festivals to be a ritual in which they attempt to please the gods. There is a festival for each day of the year. In general, Hindu festivals are intended to purify, avert malicious influences, renew society, bridge over critical moments, and stimulate or resuscitate the vital powers of nature. They include a wide variety of rituals, including worship, prayer, processions, magical acts, music, dancing, lovemaking, eating, drinking, and feeding the poor. With all the beliefs and practices Hinduism can be considered more of a culture than a religion, if more people in the world lived as the Hindu religion is designed, this world would be more understanding, peaceful, of good character. Hinduism is one religion that is truly about tradition and a correct way of living also the respect for life.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Why Your Health Has a Big Impact on Your Job Performance

Why Your Health Has a Big Impact on Your Job Performance According to research, there is a strong correlation between how well you do your job and your health. In fact, research suggests that certain lifestyle choices will determine just how much your productivity is reduced. The folks over at ZeroCater  Ã‚  have created an infographic, detailing just how much your productivity can be reduced by things like poor diet, lack of exercise, sleep deprivation, and more! Take a look below for more info on the numbers.  Source: RecruitLoop

Thursday, November 21, 2019

MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MIH548 - Theory Based Research - Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example The EFPT was designed with the need to determine how people post stroke were doing in the real world. It determines what the patient can do and what kind of support he needs to be able to perform that function. In other words can this person cook, make a telephone call, manage their medications or pay a bill? In comparison, previous tools have been set up to assess the patient but not in the actual home setting. There are several types of variables. These include independent and dependent, extraneous, demographic, moderator and mediator, and operational zing. Most of the variables in this case are listed in the explanatory table 2 on page 449 of the study. There are demographic variables which include race and gender, as well as education and age. There are also operational zing variables which include tasks and components. There was some variation created as both mild stroke and moderate stroke were studied Reliability has to do with the reduction of variables. For instance reliability is important in selecting and using a scale for study. Reliable instruments make the value of a study much higher. When a tool or study is reliable, it is consistent. For example, if you ask the same set of questions to the same group of patients at two different times, the answers should me the same. This makes the instrument reliable. EFPT was tested on a group of 10 participants in which the consistency of the sample results showed to be .94 which shows a high reliability rate. Validity is the determination that the instrument actually describing what is happening or moving the information from abstract to concrete. It is usually seen as having three primary types. Those are content validity, predictive validity, and construct validity (Burns, et.al. 2007). Validity, like reliability happens in degrees. Nothing is completely reliable and no instrument is completely valid. Using an

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Similarities And Differences Between The Scientific Method And The Essay

Similarities And Differences Between The Scientific Method And The Religion Method - Essay Example Myths generally are stories that seek to answer the questions of who we are as human beings, and our purpose in the world; myths also seek to answer questions on the origin and the nature of the world. Examples of myths in religion are the creation myths and the hero myths. The sacred time refers to the time when the sacred manifested. Every religion has sacred time and sacred time is considered a very important element of religion. Examples of the sacred space are the Hindu Temples, Christian Cathedrals, and the Islam Mosques. Having looked both at the definition of religion and also at the phenomenology of religion, let us now look at mysticism, as the methodological heart of religion. The mysticism proceeds through drawing conclusions from general and abstract premises, while the scientific method proceeds through drawing conclusions from specific and empirical data. Many fundamental truths in religion are perceived through mysticism. Looking at the similarities and the differences between the religion method and the scientific method, I am not sure which is most fundamental. This because on the one hand, the similarities between the two methods of knowledge seem quite significant; and the two methods seem complimentary in helping us to know the world and ourselves better. On the other hand, the differences also seem quite fundamental because the two methods of knowledge are based on completely different methodology, the mysticism method uses deductive method while the scientific method uses the inductive method.

Monday, November 18, 2019

METHODS OF INQUIRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

METHODS OF INQUIRY - Essay Example Risk taking is known throughout the world. Most human beings will concede that returns are commensurate to the level of effort you invest into a given activity. In pre-agrarian societies, it was apparent that the more effort one puts into a given activity, the more returns that individual got. In agrarian societies, what one sowed was what he reaped. This is a general maxim and the more a person puts into a given activity, the more that individual got in return from the activities. The concept of work came with the attitude of people working hard to attain higher returns. In most tax jurisdictions, people are taxed for income from work, income from property and income from investments (Blankson, 2010). Incidentally, most poor people have no property business income nor investments. They tend to have a given source of income like a job or wages for hired activities. These individuals have little or no savings. On the other hand, rich people make a lot of income and due to past excess funds, they tend to invest in property or in other businesses. These investments come with high returns and the returns are high enough to be considered a form of income which merits a tax. Poor people however have limited funds to save, let alone invest. They only have enough to pay for their basic necessities and have little to set aside as extra income. Due to that, they tend to make little. However, the fundamental element and the fundamental assumption of Economics is that human ends are more than their needs. This is a universal desire in all human beings. This is because the average human being has a wide array of expectations and desires. And these needs and wants can only be fulfilled through the attainment of higher earning capabilities. This is a desire that exists in both rich and poor people. By virtue of the fact that the rich have more money, they invest a lot of money into a given venture and this brings

Friday, November 15, 2019

Physicochemical Events in Production of Butter and Margarine

Physicochemical Events in Production of Butter and Margarine Byeong-Keon LEE Introduction Margarine and butter are known world-widely as spread, and have dominated the production in the western world, such as America including New Zealand. Recently, Asian countries particularly China and India have shown an increase of butter consumption. The amount of butter China consumes was predicted to increase to 13% over the next decade (Fallow, 2013). Both margarine and butter have similar a taste, texture as well as nutritional values. The characteristic of both products are significantly similar for example, water-in-emulsion and the fat content are approximately in 81% range. However, the two products are actually different when it is compared with the ingredients and the structure. The argument surrounding the diversity of butter and margarine is typically concerned with human health, the production of margarine is a man-made food which follows a lot of chemical treatments and speculation that it might cause several diseases (Guyenet, 2008). On the other hand, the butter cont ains a higher level of cholesterol that can negatively influence human digestion (Collins, 2013). In this assignment, physical and chemical properties and psychochemical processes and the changes of making margarine and butter will be discussed. Physical and Chemical difference Both butter and margarine are triglyceride (triacylglycerol) in an ester linkage composure of glycerol and 3 fatty acids that also uses the water-in-oil emulsion process where water is dispersed in phase and oil in a continuous phase. The critical comparison and contrast between butter and margarine will be the ingredients which have different states in room temperature and the chemical process of making it. Butter is an animal dairy product which is composed of a complex chain of saturated fat and unsaturated fatty acid, and a high concentration of animal cholesterol. As its clearly seen from the picture, the majority of fatty acids are saturated and some fatty acid unsaturated. The color of butter is normally yellow indicating it contains small amounts of carotene another meaning of vitamin A. (Reyes, n.d). The higher saturation levels of the fatty acids, contributes to the physical structure of the animal fat. Higher saturation levels are highly correlated with higher London Dispersion forces. Hence, due to the high London Dispersion Forces holding the saturated bonds together, animal fat is solid at room temperature (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, n.d.). Figure 2. Percentage composition of fatty acid in butter In contrast, margarine is a substitution of butter spread made from vegetable oil. Oil has a lot of double bonds, which typically disrupts the London dispersion forces between fatty acids and low effective surface area which the molecules do not pack together giving a lower melting point The mixed vegetable oil, like soyabean oil or corn oil has a structure of mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturate of fatty acids and those unsaturated fats that need to be converted into a semi-solid to make margarine. This process is called hydrogenation or additional reaction, by adding hydrogen gas with nickel catalyst in a double bond of unsaturated fat. The double bond become a single bond, and this makes the molecules pack together better. In other words, the London dispersion forces become active and the interaction between the molecules is called the Van Der Waals interaction (Burrows, 2009). The results of the hydrogenated vegetable oil, are of it process to solidify at room temperature. The majority of fatty acid in margarines are unsaturated. Most fatty acids have a cis-form and margarine is unlikely to form trans-fatty acid. During the hydrogenation, some of the fatty acid will tend to form trans-addition. Figure 4. Hydrogenation reaction occur in unsaturation reaction Chemical process of butter The milk itself come from the cow which does not have to add artificial ingredients. Therefore butter contains nutritional values such as fat, protein and different types of vitamins which are found originally in milk. The chemical process is outlined in figure 4, that depicts the chemical process. For example pasteurization the ripening, aging and churning are the most significant factors for making butter cream. 1) Milk separation The standard raw milk mostly contains 15 to 25 percent of fat globules, the globule is a tiny membrane filled with the fat molecule (Murphy, 2011). When the raw milk is shaken, the globules membranes will crash against each other and break. As regard, the fat will start to burst out and tend to bunch together with the contents of other burst globules, consequently, the butter cream is separated from raw skim milk and the butter cream will contain approximately 38% of fat. 2) Pasteurization The raw cream has to be pasteurized to a temperature of 95oC for 15 seconds to kill any interference in production of butter particularly enzyme and micro-organisms. This process is widely known as HTST (High Temperature Short Time) pasteurization. It is very interesting to note that nowadays, dairy industries implements UHT (Ultra High Temperature) pasteurization procedure to produce lower number of micro-organism, which leads to longer shelf life. HTST process are more favorable compared to UHT as in the production of butter, Lactobacillus sp. is wanted to further ferment the cream, giving of specific flavors. In contrast, if the cream is subjected to UHT, any bacteria present in the cream would be eliminated, further contributing to no flavor compound formation during the ripening process (Butler and Media, n.d). 3) Inoculation and ripening After pasteurization, then for some time the helpful bacteria ripens in the raw cream so it can proliferate to render it in a better condition for butter making. The butter maker has made significant improvements through experience, that ripened cream churns more rapidly than sweet cream. It take about 24 to 48 hours for the cream to fully ripen (Marina. 2011). The lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus) will actually further ferment or ripening the cream and breaking down the long fatty acid into short fatty acid (diacetyl compounds). This short fatty acid has which has unique taste and good smell. An increase in lactic acid causes a reduction in overall pH which cause the proteins in milk to change. As cream returns to room temperature, the lactose in milk begins to ferment and creating lactic acid which help to make butter. (Belitz, Grosch and Schieberle, 2009) 4) Agitation It is a physical change which the process of churning butter consists of the mixing that separates some of the fatty solids out of milk. The formation of fat crystal can be influence by suitable temperature control during the ripening process. Fat molecule in cream are surrounded by membranes made of phospholipids and proteins which prevent the fat from pooling together. Fat globules are bumping into each other and membrane is breaking down when it happens the fat globules are trying to stick together. Agitation cream damage these membrane allowing the fats to pool together and form whipping cream. 5) Churning Churning is essentially strong mechanical cream shearing which tears the membranes of the fat globules and facilitates coalescence of the globules. The cream breaks any tiny granules of butter appear. In the churning compartment, a rotating impact wave cause butter granule formation. The separation compartment is divided into two parts. The butter is first churned further, resulting in the formation of butter granules of larger diameter. As the churning continues fat molecule become popcorn butter which separate from butter milk. The popcorn butter has the same consistency as regular butter at room temperature. They put the butter cream on bulk tank where mixers sterile to maintain the consistency. If agitation and churning of the cream continues, finally a solid is formed(butter-cream) and the remaining liquid (butter milk) is separated (Ripema, 1970). 6) Washing, Cooling, and Vacuum Subsequently, the buttermilk is separated and the butter is washed if necessary. which cause the butter-cream fat molecules to bunch together releasing water and air. In addition, cooling process and vacuuming is performed to reduced to water and air content to 1% (Belitz, Grosch and Schieberle, 2009). Chemical process of margarine Most margarines are made from a variety substances such as vegetable oil and edible animal fats. It composed of approximately a 80% combination of fat, that is either saturated fat or unsaturated fats, approximately 18% of liquid which derives from either pasteurized skim milk or a soybean protein fluid (Ripema, 1970). 1) Crude oil Different types of vegetable oil like corn and soybean are chemically extracted and refined to form crude oil and the crude oil can be neutralized and treated with a caustic soda solution that removes free fatty acid, and corrosive and pungent sulphur compounds (Sample, 2009). The free fatty acid, influences an undesirable taste. The process follows by washing then mixing with water, so it can separate, it is then left to dry with the aid of vacuum. 2) Modification Margarine is not originally a yellow colour which the decolourisation process is for removing the grey colour by the absorption to activated clay or bleaching process (Ripema, 1970). The bleaching process utilizes bleaching earth and charcoal material in the vacuum condition. The process helps to absorb any undesirable colorants, which will be later filtered out from the oil mixture. Other sustenance impurities are both organic and inorganic, which naturally occurs raw oil that is removed by the de-acidification process using akali treatments. 3) Hydrogenation The hydrogenation is used as catalyst called nickel and the structure varies by cis-addition and trans-addition. This process helps the animal and vegetable oils blend and are able to let the formation from a liquid into a fat that is in a state that increases the melting point. However only some of the double bonds of polyunsaturated vegetable oil are hydrogenated and named partial hydrogenation. Therefore the degree of hydrogenation can be varied to give softer or harder margarine. (Haynes, 2014) Figure 10. Chemical reaction of hydrogenation 4) Deodorization The modification is complete so the base oil is prepared to reproduce similar qualities to butter, this stage decrease unwanted smells and taste (Formo, n.d). The removal of the poor smell is by a batch process that steams the oil, the temperature used is very high and reaches from175–205 °C in Europe and 235 °Ã¢â‚¬â€œ250 ° C in America, during this process the bad tastes and smells are taken away by the extractor fan. The oil can then be either further processed to make margarine or alternatively vegetable oil. (Singh, P. n.d.) 5) Emulsify When the emulsion of the stabilized immiscible liquids is blended with the use of an emulsifier. The way margarine is constructed is through the emulsion process that adds salty water droplets in oil, as well as an emulsion ingredient to a cup. Salt content is modified as an emulsifier and renamed lecithin, the final stage is the separating of starch and emulsifier that forms a consistent mixture. Moreover, all the nutrients and color in the margarine are artificially made particularly vitaminisation processed into the margarine, to have a measured amount of vitamin with butter (Hasenhuettl and Hartel, 2008). 6) Cooling and kneading process The method for the cooling an kneading process has two ways of completing, either with a tube chiller or a chilling drum-complector. Tube chiller method uses a closed system that has a one step process. Unlike the Chilling Drum-Complector that has a longer process, allowing cooling and kneading that lets the mixture rest, and the crystallization of fats at slower pace. However the advantage of the tube chiller is the reduced capacity of spoilage compact size in relation to production levels, and ease of operation. (Hasenhuettl and Hartel, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, butter and margarine have significantly different physical and chemical properties as well as physiochemical duties in the production. Although the nutrition and texture of products are the same, but the ingredients of butter and margarine are different and this leads to a structure of both products that have different qualities. Moreover, both products have a different chemical process. In fact, margarine has extra steps to convert the butter from a liquid state to a solid state, that furthers the need to process, using hydrogenation. References Reyes, V. (2013). Chemical structure of butter. [Figure 1] Available at: http://scienceandfooducla.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/homemade-butter/ [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. P. B. Hawk, O. Bergeim, Blakiston, (2010). Fatty acids in butter. Percentage composition from Practical Physiological Chemistry,. [Figure 2] Available at: http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/butter-composition.shtml [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Image by user called Smokefoot, (2012). Hydrogenation of fatty acid. [Figure 3] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H2forMargerin.png#filehistory [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Alpha Omega trial, (n.d.). Margarine composition in percentage. [Figure 4] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H2forMargerin.png#filehistory [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Yokogawa Corporation, (2007). Stable and Accurate Density Measurement to Control Fat Content in Skim Milk. [figure 5] Available at: http://www.yokogawa.com/us/technical-library/application-notes/stable-and-accurate-density-measurement-to-control-fat-content-in-skim-milk.htm [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Andrews, R. (2012). All About Milk. [Figure 6] Available at: http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-milk [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Shannon, (2011). Making A Big Batch of Cultured Butter. [Figure 8] Available at: http://www.nourishingdays.com/2011/10/making-a-big-batch-of-cultured-butter/ [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Castelli, C. (2008). Crude Corn Oil. [Figure 9] Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Crude-Corn-Oil_144278983.html [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Quadro Engineering, (n.d.). Production of Margarine and Low Fat Spreads. [Figure 11] Available at: http://www.quadroytron.com/menu_app/food_margarine.asp [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Belitz, H., Grosch, W. and Schieberle, P. (2009). Food chemistry 4th revised and extended edition. 4th ed. Springer, pp.pg 526 527. Collins, C. (2013). Whats healthier, butter or margarine?. NZ Hearald. [online] Available at: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6objectid=11169963 [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Fallow, B. (2013). Chinas slowdown may be good for NZ. NZ Hearld. [online] Available at: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=10902631 [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Formo, M. (n.d.). fat and oil processing (chemistry) :: Deodorization. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202405/fat-and-oil processing/50167/Deodorization [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Guyenet, S. (2008). Whole Health Source: Butter, Margarine and Heart Disease. [online] Wholehealthsource.blogspot.co.nz. Available at: http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.co.nz/2008/12/butter-margarine-and-heart-disease.html [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Hasenhuettl, G. and Hartel, R. (2008). Food emulsifiers and their applications. 1st ed. New York: Springer, p.271. Haynes, F. (2014). Take the Guess Work from Figuring Out the Trans Fats in Your Foods. [online] About.com Low Fat Cooking. Available at: http://lowfatcooking.about.com/od/faqs/f/hydrogenated.htm [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Marina, (2011). Cultured butter – CULTURED, AGED, BREWED. [online] Culturedagedbrewed.com. Available at: http://www.culturedagedbrewed.com/2011/12/20/cultured-butter/ [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Murphy, L. (2011). Emulsion Explosion: How to Make Butter. [online] Scientificamerican.com. Available at: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-butter-emulsion/ [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Singh, P. (n.d.). fat and oil processing (chemistry) :: Deodorization. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202405/fat-and-oil processing/50167/Deodorization [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Ripema, S. (1970). The Story of Margarine. 1st ed. Public Affairs Press. Sample, I. (2009). Trafigura case: toxic slop left behind by caustic washing. [online] the Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/16/trafigura-case-toxic-slop [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Butler, C. and Media, D. (n.d.). Why Cant You Use Ultra Pasteurized Cream for Making Butter?. [online] Everyday Life Global Post. Available at: http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/cant-use-ultra-pasteurized-cream-making-butter-42002.html [Accessed 15 May. 2014]. Burrows, A. (2009). Chemistry3. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. page 85 to page 86. Brown, L., LeMay, E. and Bursten, B. (n.d.). Chapter 11 intermolecular Forces, Liquids and Solids. 10th ed. [ebook] The central science, pp.slide 18 to slide 23. Available at: http://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch115/Mridula/CHEM 116/documents/chapter_11au.pdf [Accessed 15 May. 2014].

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Providing Quality Patient Care Essay -- Nursing Essay, Patient Satisfa

â€Å"Nursing is an art, and if it is to be made an art, requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter’s or sculptor’s work...† (Nightingale, 1868) In today’s health care system, â€Å"quality† and â€Å"safety† are one in the same when it comes to patient care. As Florence Nightingale described our profession long ago, it takes work and vigilance to ensure we are doing the best we can to care for our patients. (Mitchell, 2008) The World Health Organization outlines 6 areas of quality that help shape our definition of what makes quality care. Those areas are; (1) Effective: using evidence bases practice to improve health outcomes based on needs of individuals and communities. (2) Efficient: healthcare that maximizes resources and minimizes waste. (3) Accessible: timely care that is provided in a setting where the skills and resources are appropriate for the medical need and is geographically reasonable. (4) Acceptable/Patient-Centered: healthcare that considers individual needs, preferences, and culture. (5) Equitable: healthcare quality that does not vary because of race, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, or socioeconomically status. (6) Safe: healthcare that minimizes harm and risks to patients. (Bengoa, 2006) Another factor being looked at in quality of care is patient satisfaction. There has been some debate as to whether the patient’s perception of their care truly reflects the quality of care. I feel like this can be looked at from both angles. The nurse to patient ratio certainly factors into this as well as the acuity of the patients which can vary dramatically. Just stepping onto the floor we have a long list of â€Å"to do’s† for our patients; doctors to call, test results to look for, protoco... ...de of sentinel events. Nursing Management, 37(5), 20. Lippincott , Williams, & Wilkins, (2012). Sentinel event alert spotlights nurse fatigue. Clinical Rounds, 42(3), 27-29. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000411416.14033.f5 Mitchell, P. H. (2008). Defining patient safety and quality care an evidence-based handbook for nurses. Rockville,Maryland: Hughes. DOI: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/ Bengoa, R. (2006). Quality of care: a process for making strategic choices in health systems.. Geneva: World Health Organization. Wall, Y., & Kautz, D. (2011). Preventing sentinel events caused by family members. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 30(1), 25-27. doi: 10.1097/DCC.0b013e3181fd02a0 The Joint Commission. (2013). Sentinel events. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, Retrieved from http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/CAMH_2012_Update2_24_SE.pdf